Small bowel occlusion secondary to a giant abdominal solitary fibrous tumor.

A 30-year-old male with no medical history was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain, vomiting, and inability to pass gas through the rectum. In the physical examination a non-mobile, smooth, firm mass was palpated in the lower abdominal quadrants. An abdominal mass was detected by a CT scan. Thus, the patient underwent laparotomy and the mass was excised together with a bowel segment, and a terminal anastomosis was performed. No peritoneal or liver seeding was observed, and the patient recovered uneventfully.

Capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile: una contribución a Alma-Ata

[RESUMEN]. El presente artículo identifica estrategias que han contribuido al desarrollo de la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile y analiza algunos aprendizajes de este proceso. Se destacan la formulación de planes nacionales de salud mental, el desarrollo gradual de un sistema de información, la inversión de fondos adicionales, la creación de programas y orientaciones; el desarrollo de recursos humanos, el posicionamiento de la salud mental en las redes integradas de servicios de salud, el apoyo al desarrollo biopsicosocial de la infancia, el modelo de atención familiar y comunitario, el reforzamiento de liderazgos y alianzas entre salud y servicios sociales. Como indicadores de la capacidad de respuesta se muestran el aumento de recursos para salud mental en atención primaria, tanto financieros como en la cantidad y capacitación de profesionales, y el aumento de procesos de salud mental en atención primaria, destacándose la tasa de personas en tratamiento por trastornos mentales y las prestaciones de apoyo al desarrollo de la infancia. Se analizan diversos factores que han contribuido a los avances de la atención primaria en salud mental, así como algunas debilidades de este proceso. Como conclusión, se muestra a otros países de la Región la factibilidad de avanzar hacia los postulados de Alma-Ata, implementando gradualmente cambios sustanciales en la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental. Para este efecto, se recomienda aumentar la calidad y cantidad de la investigación en el tema, con metodologías que permitan comparaciones entre distintos países de la Región.

[ABSTRACT]. This article identifies strategies that have contributed to the development of mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile and analyzes some lessons learned from this process. It highlights the formulation of national mental health plans, the gradual development of an information system, the investment of additional resources, the creation of programs and guidelines, human resources development, the positioning of mental health in integrated health service delivery networks, support for biopsychosocial child development, the family and community care model, and the strengthening of leadership and partnerships between health and human services. Its indicators of response capacity are the increase in resources for mental health in primary care, both financial and staffing (that is, the number of professionals and the training provided to them), and the expansion of mental health treatment in primary care settings, notably the rate of people in treatment for mental illness and the support provided for child development. The article analyzes different factors that have contributed to advances in primary care delivery of mental health services, together with some weaknesses in this process. It concludes by demonstrating the feasibility of progress toward the goals of Alma-Ata to other countries in the Region, gradually implementing substantial changes in mental health response capacity in primary care. To this end, it recommends an improvement in the quality and quantity of research in this area through methodologies that permit comparisons between countries in the Region.

[RESUMO]. O presente artigo identifica as estratégias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile e analisa alguns ensinamentos tirados neste processo. Nele se destacam a elaboração de planos nacionais de saúde mental, o desenvolvimento gradual do sistema de informação, o investimento de mais verbas, a criação de programas e diretrizes, o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos humanos, o posicionamento da saúde mental nas redes integradas de serviços de saúde, a ênfase ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial infantil, o modelo de atenção familiar e comunitária e o fortalecimento de lideranças e parcerias entre saúde e serviços sociais. Entre os indicadores da capacidade de resposta apresentados estão o aumento de subsídios à saúde mental na atenção primária, com mais recursos financeiros e um maior número de profissionais capacitados, e o investimento nos processos de saúde mental na atenção primária, com o aumento da taxa de pessoas em tratamento por transtornos mentais e serviços de puericultura. No artigo são examinados os fatores contribuintes para o avanço da atenção primária em saúde mental, bem como as deficiências deste processo. Em conclusão, demonstrase aos outros países da Região a viabilidade do progresso rumo aos princípios de Alma-Ata, com a implementação gradual de reformas importantes na capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental. Recomenda-se realizar mais estudos e pesquisas de qualidade nesta área com o uso de metodologias que possibilitem uma análise comparativa entre os países da Região.

An erosion control and soil conservation method for agrarian uses based on determining the erosion threshold.

We present a practical method to control erosion and soil conservation for agrarian activity. The method consists of four steps: (1) analyse the erosive state (as a percentage of the area affected) and soil losses (in m3 ha-1) by means of visual indicators (physical features on the soil surface that have been formed by erosion) and analyse environmental factors (as possible erodibility factors); (2) determine the factors of erodibility; (3) calculate the erosion threshold (value of the erodibility factor beyond which effective control of erosion is achieved), by statistical analysis of the databases collected in the field; (4) verify this result by applying a qualitative assessment of erosive intensity, using visual indicators. The erosion threshold is of particular interest for practical purposes because it can be used to improve the planning of agricultural activity, from the standpoint of soil conservation, thus promoting sustainable land use. This study makes the following main contributions to knowledge in this field: •It presents a new method to address erosion control, based on determining the erosion threshold.•Appropriate environmental and management conditions for effective erosion control are identified.•The method is simple to apply, which facilitates its implementation.

[Analysis of Governance in the Implementation of the Chilean Community Mental Health ModelAnálise da governança na implementação do modelo comunitário de saúde mental no Chile]. / Análisis de la gobernanza en la implementación del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile.

This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

[Mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile: a contribution to Alma-AtaCapacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile: uma contribuição de Alma-Ata]. / Capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile: una contribución a Alma-Ata.

This article identifies strategies that have contributed to the development of mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile and analyzes some lessons learned from this process. It highlights the formulation of national mental health plans, the gradual development of an information system, the investment of additional resources, the creation of programs and guidelines, human resources development, the positioning of mental health in integrated health service delivery networks, support for biopsychosocial child development, the family and community care model, and the strengthening of leadership and partnerships between health and human services.Its indicators of response capacity are the increase in resources for mental health in primary care, both financial and staffing (that is, the number of professionals and the training provided to them), and the expansion of mental health treatment in primary care settings, notably the rate of people in treatment for mental illness and the support provided for child development.The article analyzes different factors that have contributed to advances in primary care delivery of mental health services, together with some weaknesses in this process. It concludes by demonstrating the feasibility of progress toward the goals of Alma-Ata to other countries in the Region, gradually implementing substantial changes in mental health response capacity in primary care. To this end, it recommends an improvement in the quality and quantity of research in this area through methodologies that permit comparisons between countries in the Region.

O presente artigo identifica as estratégias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile e analisa alguns ensinamentos tirados neste processo. Nele se destacam a elaboração de planos nacionais de saúde mental, o desenvolvimento gradual do sistema de informação, o investimento de mais verbas, a criação de programas e diretrizes, o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos humanos, o posicionamento da saúde mental nas redes integradas de serviços de saúde, a ênfase ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial infantil, o modelo de atenção familiar e comunitária e o fortalecimento de lideranças e parcerias entre saúde e serviços sociais.Entre os indicadores da capacidade de resposta apresentados estão o aumento de subsídios à saúde mental na atenção primária, com mais recursos financeiros e um maior número de profissionais capacitados, e o investimento nos processos de saúde mental na atenção primária, com o aumento da taxa de pessoas em tratamento por transtornos mentais e serviços de puericultura.No artigo são examinados os fatores contribuintes para o avanço da atenção primária em saúde mental, bem como as deficiências deste processo. Em conclusão, demonstra-se aos outros países da Região a viabilidade do progresso rumo aos princípios de Alma-Ata, com a implementação gradual de reformas importantes na capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental. Recomenda-se realizar mais estudos e pesquisas de qualidade nesta área com o uso de metodologias que possibilitem uma análise comparativa entre os países da Região.

Primary care consultation liaison and the rate of psychiatric hospitalizations: a countrywide study in Chile.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of consultation liaison across all primary health care centers in Chile, and its potential relationship with the psychiatric hospitalization rate. METHODS: We carried out a countrywide ecological cross-sectional study on 502 primary health centers in 275 municipalities (87.3% of total primary health centers in Chile) during 2009. We characterized the presence of consultation liaison using four criteria: availability, frequency, continuity of participants, and continuity across care levels. We also created a dichotomous variable called "optimal consultation liaison" for when all four criteria were met. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the rate of hospitalization due to different psychiatric disorders, adjusting by population attributes. RESULTS: Of the primary health centers, 28.3% of them had had optimal consultation liaison during the preceding year, concentrated in the poorest and richest municipalities. Continuity of care was the criterion that was met least often (38.3%). The presence of optimal consultation liaison at the municipal level was associated with fewer psychiatric discharges, with the following incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): schizophrenia, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.49-0.85); other psychoses, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52-0.89); and personality disorders, 0.66 (95% CI: 0. 49-0.89). Municipalities with optimal consultation liaison showed 2.44 fewer total psychiatric discharges per 10 000 inhabitants, although without reaching statistical significance (-0.85 to 5.70). CONCLUSIONS: Using a nationally representative sample, we found that consultation liaison in primary care was associated with having fewer psychiatric hospitalizations. More studies are required to understand the role of each component of consultation liaison.

Análisis de la gobernanza en la implementación del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile / Analysis of Governance in the Implementation of the Chilean Community Mental Health Model / Análise da governança na implementação do modelo comunitário de saúde mental no Chile

RESUMEN El presente artículo describe y analiza el rol que ha jugado la gobernanza en el desarrollo del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile. Se describen y analizan cinco dimensiones de la gobernanza: 1) el desarrollo de una serie de estrategias para favorecer la participación de los usuarios de servicios de salud mental ha logrado resultados insuficientes; 2) la implementación de tres planes nacionales de salud mental, que han mantenido la misma visión estratégica a lo largo de tres décadas, han contribuido a aumentar la accesibilidad a la atención comunitaria de las personas con enfermedades mentales y disminuir el rol de los hospitales psiquiátricos; 3) la inexistencia de una ley de salud mental persiste aún como un desafío, aunque haya sido parcialmente compensada por distintas leyes y decretos; 4) las regulaciones en la asignación de los recursos financieros, la formación del recurso humano y las directrices técnicas han contribuido a mejorar el acceso y la calidad de la atención; y 5) la construcción progresiva de un sistema de información en salud mental ha permitido conocer principalmente las tasas de acceso, las brechas de tratamiento y las inequidades geográficas. La experiencia chilena confirma la importancia de aplicar un conjunto de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza, para favorecer el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud mental. El tipo de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza podrán variar en los distintos países según los contextos y las ventanas de oportunidades.

ABSTRACT This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

RESUMO O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

Primary care consultation liaison and the rate of psychiatric hospitalizations: a countrywide study in Chile / Las consultorías de salud mental en atención primaria y la tasa de hospitalización psiquiátrica: estudio nacional en Chile / Consultoria em saúde mental na atenção primária e taxa de internação psiquiátrica: estudo nacional no Chile

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the quality of consultation liaison across all primary health care centers in Chile, and its potential relationship with the psychiatric hospitalization rate. Methods We carried out a countrywide ecological cross-sectional study on 502 primary health centers in 275 municipalities (87.3% of total primary health centers in Chile) during 2009. We characterized the presence of consultation liaison using four criteria: availability, frequency, continuity of participants, and continuity across care levels. We also created a dichotomous variable called "optimal consultation liaison" for when all four criteria were met. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the rate of hospitalization due to different psychiatric disorders, adjusting by population attributes. Results Of the primary health centers, 28.3% of them had had optimal consultation liaison during the preceding year, concentrated in the poorest and richest municipalities. Continuity of care was the criterion that was met least often (38.3%). The presence of optimal consultation liaison at the municipal level was associated with fewer psychiatric discharges, with the following incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): schizophrenia, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.49-0.85); other psychoses, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52-0.89); and personality disorders, 0.66 (95% CI: 0. 49-0.89). Municipalities with optimal consultation liaison showed 2.44 fewer total psychiatric discharges per 10 000 inhabitants, although without reaching statistical significance (-0.85 to 5.70). Conclusions Using a nationally representative sample, we found that consultation liaison in primary care was associated with having fewer psychiatric hospitalizations. More studies are required to understand the role of each component of consultation liaison.

RESUMEN Objetivos Evaluar la calidad de las consultorías de salud mental en todos los centros de atención primaria de salud en Chile y su posible relación con la tasa de hospitalización psiquiátrica. Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal ecológico a nivel nacional sobre los 502 centros de atención primaria de salud en 275 municipios (87,3 % del total de los centros de atención primaria de salud en Chile) durante el 2009. Las consultorías de salud mental se caracterizaron por medio de cuatro criterios: disponibilidad, frecuencia, continuidad de los participantes y continuidad en los distintos niveles de atención. Además, se creó una variable dicótoma llamada "consultoría óptima" para cuando se cumplían los cuatro criterios. Se utilizó un cuasimodelo de regresión de Poisson para calcular la tasa de hospitalización a causa de distintos trastornos psiquiátricos, ajustada por los atributos de la población. Resultados De los centros de atención primaria de salud, el 28,3 % había presentado consultorías óptimas durante el año anterior, concentradas en los municipios más pobres y más ricos. La continuidad de la atención fue el criterio que se cumplió con menos frecuencia (38,3 %). La presencia de consultorías óptimas a nivel municipal estuvo asociada con menos altas médicas psiquiátricas, con la siguiente razón de tasa de incidencia e intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 %: esquizofrenia, 0,65 (IC del 95%: 0,49-0,85); otras psicosis, 0,68 (IC del 95%: 0,52-0,89); y trastornos de la personalidad, 0,66 (IC del 95%: 0,49-0,89). Los municipios con consultorías óptimas registraron 2,44 menos altas médicas psiquiátricas totales por 10 000 habitantes, aunque sin alcanzar significación estadística (-0,85 a 5,70). Conclusiones Por medio de una muestra representativa a nivel nacional, encontramos que las consultorías de salud mental en centros de atención primaria de salud estaban asociadas con la disminución de hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas. Se requieren más estudios para comprender la función de cada componente de las consultorías de salud mental.

RESUMO Objetivos Avaliar a qualidade da consultoria em saúde mental nos centros de atenção primária à saúde e possível relação com a taxa de internação psiquiátrica. Métodos Um estudo de delineamento transversal ecológico foi conduzido em nível nacional em 502 centros de atenção primária à saúde (87,3% do número total no país) em 275 municípios no Chile em 2009. A prática de consultoria em saúde mental foi caracterizada de acordo com quatro critérios: disponibilidade, frequência, continuidade dos participantes e continuidade nos níveis de atenção. Também foi criada uma variável dicotômica, denominada "consultoria ideal", quando os quatro critérios eram satisfeitos. Foi usado um modelo de regressão de quase-Poisson para estimar a taxa de internação por diferentes transtornos psiquiátricos, ajustada segundo as características da população. Resultados Ao todo, 28,3% dos centros de atenção primária à saúde tiveram uma prática de consultoria ideal no ano anterior, concentrada nos municípios pertencentes aos quartis mais pobre e mais rico. A continuidade da atenção foi o critério satisfeito com menor frequência (38,3%). A prática de consultoria ideal ao nível de município foi associada a um número menor de altas psiquiátricas, com as seguintes razões de taxas de incidência e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%): 0,65 para esquizofrenia (IC 95% 0.49-0.85); 0,68 para outras psicoses (IC 95% 0.52-0.89) e 0,66 para transtornos de personalidade (IC 95% 0.49-0.89). Os municípios com prática de consultoria ideal tiveram 2,44 menos altas psiquiátricas por 10 mil habitantes, embora não seja estatisticamente significativo (-0.85 a 5,70). Conclusões O estudo de uma amostra representativa da população nacional revelou que a consultoria em saúde mental na atenção primária esteve associada a um número menor de internações psiquiátricas. Outros estudos são necessários para entender o papel de cada componente da consultoria em saúde mental.

Capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile: una contribución a Alma-Ata / Mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile: a contribution to Alma-Ata / Capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile: uma contribuição de Alma-Ata

RESUMEN El presente artículo identifica estrategias que han contribuido al desarrollo de la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile y analiza algunos aprendizajes de este proceso. Se destacan la formulación de planes nacionales de salud mental, el desarrollo gradual de un sistema de información, la inversión de fondos adicionales, la creación de programas y orientaciones; el desarrollo de recursos humanos, el posicionamiento de la salud mental en las redes integradas de servicios de salud, el apoyo al desarrollo biopsicosocial de la infancia, el modelo de atención familiar y comunitario, el reforzamiento de liderazgos y alianzas entre salud y servicios sociales. Como indicadores de la capacidad de respuesta se muestran el aumento de recursos para salud mental en atención primaria, tanto financieros como en la cantidad y capacitación de profesionales, y el aumento de procesos de salud mental en atención primaria, destacándose la tasa de personas en tratamiento por trastornos mentales y las prestaciones de apoyo al desarrollo de la infancia. Se analizan diversos factores que han contribuido a los avances de la atención primaria en salud mental, así como algunas debilidades de este proceso. Como conclusión, se muestra a otros países de la Región la factibilidad de avanzar hacia los postulados de Alma-Ata, implementando gradualmente cambios sustanciales en la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental. Para este efecto, se recomienda aumentar la calidad y cantidad de la investigación en el tema, con metodologías que permitan comparaciones entre distintos países de la Región.

ABSTRACT This article identifies strategies that have contributed to the development of mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile and analyzes some lessons learned from this process. It highlights the formulation of national mental health plans, the gradual development of an information system, the investment of additional resources, the creation of programs and guidelines, human resources development, the positioning of mental health in integrated health service delivery networks, support for biopsychosocial child development, the family and community care model, and the strengthening of leadership and partnerships between health and human services. Its indicators of response capacity are the increase in resources for mental health in primary care, both financial and staffing (that is, the number of professionals and the training provided to them), and the expansion of mental health treatment in primary care settings, notably the rate of people in treatment for mental illness and the support provided for child development. The article analyzes different factors that have contributed to advances in primary care delivery of mental health services, together with some weaknesses in this process. It concludes by demonstrating the feasibility of progress toward the goals of Alma-Ata to other countries in the Region, gradually implementing substantial changes in mental health response capacity in primary care. To this end, it recommends an improvement in the quality and quantity of research in this area through methodologies that permit comparisons between countries in the Region.

RESUMO O presente artigo identifica as estratégias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile e analisa alguns ensinamentos tirados neste processo. Nele se destacam a elaboração de planos nacionais de saúde mental, o desenvolvimento gradual do sistema de informação, o investimento de mais verbas, a criação de programas e diretrizes, o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos humanos, o posicionamento da saúde mental nas redes integradas de serviços de saúde, a ênfase ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial infantil, o modelo de atenção familiar e comunitária e o fortalecimento de lideranças e parcerias entre saúde e serviços sociais. Entre os indicadores da capacidade de resposta apresentados estão o aumento de subsídios à saúde mental na atenção primária, com mais recursos financeiros e um maior número de profissionais capacitados, e o investimento nos processos de saúde mental na atenção primária, com o aumento da taxa de pessoas em tratamento por transtornos mentais e serviços de puericultura. No artigo são examinados os fatores contribuintes para o avanço da atenção primária em saúde mental, bem como as deficiências deste processo. Em conclusão, demonstra-se aos outros países da Região a viabilidade do progresso rumo aos princípios de Alma-Ata, com a implementação gradual de reformas importantes na capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental. Recomenda-se realizar mais estudos e pesquisas de qualidade nesta área com o uso de metodologias que possibilitem uma análise comparativa entre os países da Região.

Implementing a Community Model of Mental Health Care in Chile: Impact on Psychiatric Emergency Visits.

OBJECTIVE: The community model of mental health care (CMMHC) is recommended as the best way to organize mental health care, but evidence of its successful implementation and effectiveness is scarce, particularly in resource-poor settings. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of CMMHC on the rate of psychiatric emergency visits in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: The rate of psychiatric emergency visits from 2006 to 2011 was compared between two health care administrative districts: district 1 (D1), in which CMMHC was being systematically implemented, and D2, where CMMHC implementation was very limited and inconsistent. In addition, rates of psychiatric emergency visits in ten D1 municipalities were compared by the degree to which they had implemented CMMHC. RESULTS: Compared with D2, D1 had higher rates of psychiatric emergency visits during the observation period. In D1, the rate of visits per 100,000 inhabitants declined from 541 in 2006 to 414 in 2011. In D2, the rate increased from 104 in 2006 to 130 in 2011. In D1 municipalities, the reduction in the rate of psychiatric emergency visits was greater in those with well-implemented CMMHC compared with those with partially implemented CMMHC. When distance to the emergency room was taken into account, the 2011 rate of emergency visits in the ten D1 municipalities was 21% (p<.01) lower in those with well-implemented CMMHC than in those with partially implemented CMMHC. CONCLUSIONS: CMMHC implementation leads to reduction in psychiatric emergency visits, which are burdensome to both users and providers. Results support CMMHC implementation in resource-poor settings.

[Pathway to care of people with first episode of schizophrenia, in Chile].

BACKGROUND: It has been considered that the duration of first episode of psychosis is a critical period influencing the clini-cal and psychosocial evolution in people with diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, there is little knowledge about this issue in Low and Middle Income Countries. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and contacts with health services of people with first episode of schizophrenia, prior to their diagnoses and initiation of treatment. Sources and methods. The sample included all persons with diagnosis of first episode of schizo-phrenia, in five psychiatric care centers, located in the North, Center and South of Chile. Diagnosis was confirmed with ICD-10 criteria and psychopathology symptoms were explored using PANSS. RESULTS: The sample was constituted by 48 patients (79.2% men, average age in 23.4 years). The symptom of depression was the first to appear (me-dian of 15 months, before diagnosis). Positive symptoms started in the previous year before diagnosis (delusions, median of 6 months). Positive symptoms triggered the first contact in 77.1% of the patients. Of these cases, 91.7% had medical care in this period (in Primary Health Care Centers and Mental Health Centers). The me-dian for previous contacts was 3.5, but the correct diagnosis was not done at that time. CONCLUSION: Most of the patients had medical contacts for their psychotic symptoms, but their diagnosis were not made within that period, delaying the start of treatment. There is a need to develop strategies to improve diagnosis capabilities in these centers.

Stigma and psychiatric care in Latin America: its inclusion on the universal health coverage agenda.

In 2014, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) approved Resolution CP53.R14, which aimed to provide a framework for universal access to health and universal health coverage. It sets the stage for the inclusion of psychiatric practice within the provision of universal healthcare and highlights the fight against stigma. We propose to concentrate our efforts on changing the model of medical management. To that end, we are promoting the inclusion of mental health patients within the daily routine of primary care centres, thus allowing them to interact with other users of health services on a regular basis.

Consulta de urgencia psiquiátrica y modelo comunitario de atención en salud mental / Emergency psychiatric consultation and the community mental health care model

Introducción: La evaluación de modelos de atención en salud mental es compleja, existiendo carencias de estudios de impactos de estos servicios; también del Modelo Comunitario de Atención en Salud Mental (MCASM). La Consulta de Urgencia Psiquiátrica (CUP) se utiliza como indicadorde resultado: reúne emergencia real y demanda no resuelta. El Complejo Asistencial Barros-Luco (CABL) constituye un modelo naturalístico de comparación: provee CUP a 2 servicios de salud: Sur (SSMS) y Sur-Oriente (SSMSO), el primero con mayor desarrollo del MCASM. Del mismomodo las comunas del SSMS presentan distintos grados de implementación del MCASM. Objetivo: Comparar la variación de tasas de CUP en el CABL, según SS de procedencia y comuna delSSMS. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo (años 2006-2007). Se compararoncomunas del SSMS, categorizándolas por presencia de MCASM y distancia al CABL usando modelos de regresión de poisson. Resultados: Se analizaron 11.760 CUP. Existe caída de tasasde CUP, proporcionalmente mayores en SSMS y en comunas con MCASM. Sin embargo, comunas con MCASM presentan Razón de Tasas de Incidencia (RTI) de CUP mayores al doble. Al ajustar por distancia y años, la RTI disminuye (1,38 [96%IC 1,07-1,77]). Hay diferencias en caída deCUP entre comunas, no explicables por los factores estudiados. Discusión: Mayor desarrollo del MCASM podría asociarse a disminución de CUP. Hay limitaciones: periodo de observación corto, ausencia de ajustes por otros confundentes, categorizaciones poco precisas.

Introduction: Health care model evaluation in mental health is complex, and there is a lack of impact studies on those services, as well as on the Community Mental Health Care Model (CMHC). Emergency Psychiatric Consultation (EPC) is used as an indicator of results: it includes both real emergencies and unresolved demand. The Barros Luco Health Care Complex (BLHC) provides an opportunity to study the impact of the CMHC model: it provides EPC to two health services, South (SHS) and South-East (SEHS). The former has more widely implemented the CMHC model, and the counties of the SHS range in their implementation of the CMH model. Objective: Compare the variation in rates of EPC in the BLHC by health service of origin, and by county within the SHS. Methodology: This is an observational retrospective study (2006-2007). Counties within the SHS were categorized by implementation of the CMH model and distance to the BLHC, and analyzed using Poisson regression models. Results: 11,760 EPC were analyzed. A decrease in EPC rates can be observed, which is greater in the SHS and in the counties that have implemented the CMHC model. Nevertheless, counties with the CMHC model had incidence rate ratios (IRR) for EPC that were more than twice as high. After adjusting for distance and years, the IRR decreased (1.38 [96 per cent CI 1.07-1.77]). There are differences in the decrease in EPC between counties that are not explained by the factors studied. Discussion: Greater development of the CMHC model could be associated with the decrease in EPC. There are limitations: short observation period, lack of adjustments for other confounding factors, imprecise categories.

Reflexiones sobre la reforma psiquiátrica chilena y la necesidad de un sistema de información pertinente / Community psychiatry requires new ways of working and managament

Se discute la necesidad de adecuados sistemas de información para la transformación de la atención psiquiátrica hacia el modelo de psiquiatría comunitaria. Se revisan las áreas específicas en que esta información es relevante.

Capital social, salud y salud mental / Social capital, health and mental health

Desde que Durkheim postuló que la estructura de la sociedad tenía un fuerte efecto sobre la salud psicológica se ha desarrollado una tradición de investigación en psiquiatría respecto a los efectos del contexto social en salud y al desarrollo conceptual de análisis epidemiológicos apropiados para su investigación. En esta línea se revisa el concepto de Capital Social y sus aplicaciones a la política social, la salud y la salud mental, por primera vez dentro de la literatura chilena en salud mental y psiquiatría.

[Liaison psychiatry in two public hospitals of Santiago]. / Psiquiatría de enlace en servicios médico-quirúrgicos de dos hospitales de Santiago.

BACKGROUND: Medical and surgical teams consult psychiatrists when abnormal behavior or psychopathological traits are observed in their patients. AIM: To describe the experience of liaison psychiatry teams in public hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of 128 consultations, involving 110 patients. Eighty eight patients were subjected to the structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders--Patient Edition, the Mini Mental State score and to a search for personality disorders. RESULTS: The most commonly consulted problems were depression in 44 patients, substance abuse in 29 and suicidal behavior in 21. The psychiatric study detected that 8% of patients were asymptomatic, 8% had stress reactions, 16.5% had substance abuse, 14.6% had alcohol abuse, 11% had a major depression, 10% had delirium or dementia, 9% had anxiety disorders, 4% schizophrenia, 18% personality disorders and 19% had suicidal behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric consultations in medical and surgical services are common and have a wide variety of severity.

Una reflexión sobre la organización de los servicios de salud mental y psiquiatría en Chile / A reflection about mental health and psychiatry services orgarization in Chile

Se pasa somera revista al desarrollo de servicios en salud mental y psiquiatría en Chile a lo largo de los años, enfatizando el período posterior a 1990. Se discuten los conflictos entre la racionalidad predominante entre los gestores en esta área y los planificadores que han dado conducción al sector salud en Chile en este período. Se valora la perspectiva racionalizadora que resulta del concepto de Red Asistencial y su diálogo con el de Red de Servicios en Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. Se plantean preguntas claves respecto al futuro en el desarrollo de servicios en salud mental y psiquiatría en Chile